袁世凱

Biography

Yuan Shikai (September 16, 1859 – June 6, 1916), courtesy name Weiting, native of Xiangcheng, Henan, is one of the most controversial political figures in late Qing and early Republican China. He was a pivotal modernizer of the late Qing military, yet also a political warlord who accepted the republic only to betray it.

Modernizing the Military: The Xiaozhan Army Training

Yuan Shikai rose to prominence by training new-style ground forces in Xiaozhan, creating China’s first modernized military force—the Beiyang New Army. This military machine established him as the most formidable warlord in northern China, leading to his appointment as the Viceroy of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang.

Forcing the Abdication and Accepting the Republic

Following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, Yuan brokered peace between the revolutionary south and the imperial north. In February 1912, he forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor, Puyi, securing the unification of the Republic of China. To avoid split and civil war, Sun Yat-sen voluntarily stepped down, allowing Yuan to assume the presidency.

Monarchical Restoration: The Greatest Historical Stain

In 1915, yielding to his personal ambition and manufactured “public will,” Yuan Shikai declared the restoration of monarchy, naming the state the “Empire of China” and declaring himself the “Hongxian Emperor.” This sparked immediate nationwide fury, leading generals like Cai E and Tang Jiyao to launch the National Protection War. The monarchical regime collapsed after only 83 days (December 23, 1915 – March 22, 1916). Humiliated and rejected by the nation, Yuan passed away from uremia on June 6, 1916.

Editor-in-Chief’s Verdict from Taiwan NEXT: Yuan Shikai’s tragedy lies in the fact that he helped construct the republic, only to destroy himself over personal monarchical ambitions. His failure demonstrated that China’s transition to a republic was irreversible. The subsequent chaos of the Beiyang era made Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek realize that only a robust, institutionally protected constitutional system could bring long-term peace and stability to the Republic of China.